A new species of genus Monoctonus (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) from South Korea.

Background: The genus Monoctonus Haliday, 1833 is a small group which consists of 24 species worldwide. In South Korea, Chang and Youn (1983) recorded one species, M.similis Starý & Schlinger, 1967, but the evidence for identification of this species is doubtful and further confirmation is required (personal communication with Prof. Jong-Cheol Paik). New information: An additional Monoctonus species is recorded as new to science from South Korea. Descriptions and illustrations of the new species -Monoctonuskoreanus sp. nov. - are provided, together with its mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) data and phylogenetic position. A key to the female of the two species present in Korea is provided.

Morphological and molecular characterizations of Pratylenchus coffeae infecting Ming aralia and coffee in Vietnam.

Pratylenchus coffeae, belonging to the root-lesion nematode group, is a highly prevalent and destructive plant-parasitic nematode that is able to infest a wide range of host plants. Although this species' devastating impacts on coffee plantations across the world are widely known on other host plants, its association with Ming aralia has never been reported. Our study characterized two popu lations of P. coffeae (associated with Ming aralia and coffee) and compared them with other popu lations from previous studies in Vietnam and other countries in the world. The identification of P. coffeae in our study was confirmed by the comprehensive analysis encompassing morphological examination, morphometric data, and molecular characterizations of the COI mtDNA and D2D3 of 28S rRNA regions. The cluster and MDS analyses revealed that the two populations of P. coffeae from Vietnam are closely related to those from Japan and Indonesia. The D2-D3 sequences of 28S rRNA and COI mtDNA regions exhibited high similarity among these populations, indicating a stable genetic profile. Our research contributes to a better understanding of the distribution and genetic characterizations of P. coffeae by offering new morphological and molecular insights into the presence of this nematode in Vietnam. Additionally, this nematode species was found to be associated with host plant's symptoms such as chlorotic leaves, stunted growth and root lesion in both hosts. Given the economic significance of both Ming aralia and coffee crops in Vietnam, as well as the damaging potential of P. coffeae, this study emphasizes the need of proactive nematode management measures to control this destructive pest.

A new species of terrestrial toad of the Rhinellafestae group (Anura, Bufonidae) from the highlands of the Central Cordillera of the Andes of Colombia.

The genus Rhinella (Bufonidae) comprises 92 species of Neotropical toads. In Colombia, Rhinella is represented by 22 recognized species, of which nine belong to the Rhinellafestae group. Over the past decade, there has been increasing evidence of cryptic diversity within this group, particularly in the context of Andean forms. Specimens of Rhinella collected in high Andean forests on both slopes of the Central Cordillera in Colombia belong to an undescribed species, Rhinellakumandaysp. nov. Genetic analyses using the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene indicated that the individuals belong to the festae species group. However, they can be distinguished from other closely related species such as Rhinellaparaguas and Rhinellatenrec by a combination of morphological traits including the presence of tarsal fold, a moderate body size, and substantial genetic divergence in the 16S rRNA gene (> 5%). Through this integrative approach, the specimens from the Central Cordillera of Colombia are considered an evolutionary divergent lineage that is sister to R.paraguas, and described as a new species. Rhinellakumandaysp. nov. is restricted to the Central Cordillera of Colombia inhabiting both slopes in the departments of Caldas and Tolima, in an elevational range between 2420 and 3758 m. With the recognition of this new species, the genus Rhinella now comprises 93 species with 23 of them found in Colombia, and ten species endemic to the country.

A hundred-year-old mystery-the reproductive mode and larval morphology of the enigmatic frog genus Allophryne (Amphibia; Anura; Allophrynidae).

Frogs of the Allophrynidae are an enigmatic family from South America. To date, published information is lacking regarding this group's reproductive biology and larval morphology. Here, we provide the first detailed description of the reproductive mode, developmental mode, and tadpole morphology for Allophryne ruthveni. We developed a captive breeding and rearing protocol for this species and then conducted a series of observations to describe aspects of its reproductive biology. In captivity, this species exhibits aquatic oviposition, where single eggs are laid ungrouped within a simple jelly capsule and are scattered free in the water column before sinking to develop on benthic substrates. We did not observe parental care nor any parental interactions with eggs post-fertilization. Tadpoles are characterized by an oval body, anteroventral oral disc, a labial tooth row formula of 2(2)/3, and a dextral vent tube. The buccopharyngeal cavity is marked by the presence of two pairs of infralabial papilla and four lingual papillae. Cranial morphology is characterized by the presence of the commissura quadratoorbital. This species possesses an additional slip of the m. rectus cervicis and of the m. levator arcuum branchialium III. We discuss our results in comparison with glassfrogs (Centrolenidae).

Validation of the names Cavernulicolales, Cavernulicolaceae, Cavernulicola, and Cavernulicola chilensis (Rhodophyta).

A reclassification of Cyanidium chilense under the new genus Cavernulicola was recently proposed together with a new family (Cavernulicolaceae) and a new order (Cavernulicolales). Unfortunately, due to an error in the required citation of the basionym, the name "Cavernulicola chilensis" was invalid and cannot be accepted as the generitype of Cavernulicola. This means that Cavernulicola, Cavernulicolaceae, and Cavernulicolales are likewise invalid names under the provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN, Shenzhen Code). In this contribution, each of these names is validated.

New species of redbait from the Philippines (Teleostei, Emmelichthyidae, Emmelichthys).

We describe a new species of redbait in the genus Emmelichthys collected from fish markets on Panay and Cebu islands in the Visayas region of the Philippines. The species is externally similar to E.struhsakeri but is diagnosable by two prominent fleshy papillae associated with the cleithrum and fewer pectoral-fin rays (18-19 vs. 19-21) and gill rakers (30-33 vs. 34-41). Additionally, mitochondrial DNA differentiates this taxon from other species of Emmelichthys. We generate mitochondrial genomes for two of the three type specimens and several other emmelichthyids to place the new taxon in a phylogenetic context. Analysis of the protein-coding mitochondrial loci calls into question the monophyly of two emmelichthyid genera (Emmelichthys and Erythrocles) and highlights the need for subsequent analyses targeting the intrarelationships of the Emmelichthyidae.

Pacific marine gregarines (Apicomplexa) shed light on biogeographic speciation patterns and novel diversity among early apicomplexans.

Gregarines are the most biodiverse group of apicomplexan parasites. This group specializes on invertebrate hosts (e.g., ascidians, crustaceans, and polychaetes). Marine gregarines are of particular interest because they are considered to be the earliest evolving apicomplexan lineage, having subsequently speciated (and radiated) through virtually all existing animal groups. Still, mechanisms governing the broad (global) distribution and speciation patterns of apicomplexans are not well understood. The present study examines Pacific lecudinids, one of the most species-rich and diverse groups of marine gregarines. Here, marine polychaetes were collected from intertidal zones. Single trophozoite cells were isolated for light and electron microscopy, as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses using the partial 18S rRNA gene. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene was used to confirm morphology-based host identification. This study introduces Undularius glycerae n. gen., n. sp. and Lecudina kitase n. sp. (Hokkaido, Japan), as well as Difficilina fasoliformis n. sp. (California, USA). Occurrences of Lecudina cf. longissima and Lecudina cf. tuzetae (California, USA) are also reported. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between L. pellucida, L. tuzetae, and L. kitase n. sp. Additionally, clustering among North Atlantic and Pacific L. tuzetae formed a species complex, likely influenced by biogeography.

A new feather mite species of the genus Mycterialges Gaud & Atyeo, 1981 (Acari, Xolalgidae) from the Oriental Stork, Ciconiaboyciana (Ciconiiformes, Ciconiidae) in Korea.

A new feather mite species, Mycterialgesboycianaesp. nov. (Xolalgidae), was identified from the Oriental Stork, Ciconiaboyciana Swinhoe, 1873, in Korea. Males of M.boycianaesp. nov. are distinguished from Mycterialgesmesomorphus Gaud & Atyeo, 1981, in having a single triangular prodorsal shield, sinuous margins of the opisthosoma located between setae e2 and h2 on the hysteronotal shield, an oval-shaped epiandrum without posterior extensions, a shorter tibia + tarsus IV than femoragenu IV, and an absent ambulacral disc of leg IV. Females differ in having a prodorsal shield with a posterior margin that is blunt-angular, and a concave posterior margin of the hysteronotal shield with posterior extensions. This study presents the first record of the feather mite genus Mycterialges in birds of the genus Ciconia (Ciconiidae). Additionally, we determined the phylogenetic relationship among Ingrassiinae using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit (COI).

Two new species of Diaporthe (Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales) associated with Camelliaoleifera leaf spot disease in Hainan Province, China.

Tea-oil tree (Camelliaoleifera Abel.) is an important edible oil woody plant with a planting area over 3,800,000 hectares in southern China. Species of Diaporthe inhabit a wide range of plant hosts as plant pathogens, endophytes and saprobes. Here, we conducted an extensive field survey in Hainan Province to identify and characterise Diaporthe species associated with tea-oil leaf spots. As a result, eight isolates of Diaporthe were obtained from symptomatic C.oleifera leaves. These isolates were studied, based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses of partial ITS, cal, his3, tef1 and tub2 gene regions. Two new Diaporthe species (D.hainanensis and D.pseudofoliicola) were proposed and described herein.

Detection of Hybrids in Willows (Salix, Salicaceae) Using Genome-Wide DArTseq Markers.

The genus Salix, comprising some 400-500 species, is important in various alluvial or wet habitats of the northern hemisphere. It is a promising crop for applications such as biomass production, biofuels, or environmental projects. Clear species delimitation is crucial in ecology, biotechnology, and horticulture. DArTseq markers, a genome-wide technique, were tested for species and hybrid identification. A total of 179 willow samples were analysed, including six species of Salix subgen. Salix and four species of Salix subgen. Vetrix, including those used in biomass crop production, representing important European taxa. Identification of species-specific markers, clustering analyses (principal coordinate analysis, neighbor-joining) and Bayesian methods (Structure) unambiguously identified putative hybrids. In addition to demonstrating the high efficiency of DArT-seq markers in identifying willow hybrids, we also opened-up new questions about hybridisation processes and systematics. We detected unidirectional hybridisation between S. alba and S. fragilis, forming backcross hybrids, and we rejected the hypothesis that S. fragilis does not occur naturally in Europe. Further, the isolated position of Salix triandra within the genus was confirmed.

DULCITRANSVERSOTREMA N. GEN. (DIGENEA: TRANSVERSOTREMATIDAE) AND FIRST MORPHOLOGICAL AND NUCLEOTIDE-BASED CONFIRMATION OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF A TRANSVERSOTREMATID IN NORTH AMERICA.

We propose Dulcitransversotrema n. gen. for the freshwater transversotrematids Dulcitransversotrema patialense (Soparkar, 1924) n. comb. and Dulcitransversotrema chauhani (Agrawal and Singh, 1960) n. comb. Dulcitransversotrema is unique by the combination of lacking an oral sucker and an extensively coiled uterus as well as having testes that are not deeply lobed and that abut or nearly abut the inner posterolateral margins of the digestive tract (vs. deeply lobed testes that abut the cyclocoel region of the digestive tract only or that do not abut the ceca), a pre-oral genital pore (vs. post-oral genital pore), an ovary that is anterior to and abuts or nearly abuts the sinistral testis (vs. an ovary that is separated from the sinistral testis by some distance or having an ovary that is median and immediately pre-testicular), non-embryonated eggs (vs. embryonated eggs), typically having none or sparse vitelline follicles between the testes and ceca (vs. having a wholly inter-cecal vitellarium comprising a pair of highly compacted clusters of vitelline follicles anterolateral to the testes or having numerous vitelline follicles between the testes and ceca), an oblong, median, and primarily inter-testicular vitelline reservoir (vs. an extensively elongate, pre-testicular vitelline reservoir that arches anteriorly around the sinistral testis), and a subterminal excretory pore opening on the dorsal body surface between the level of the cyclocoel and posterior body end (vs. a terminal excretory pore). We describe the redia and cercaria of Dulcitransversotrema cf. patialense from the red-rimmed melania snail, Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) (Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), and their corresponding adult from beneath the scales of the zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) (Cypriniformes: Danionidae). All hosts were sampled from a spring-fed earthen pond at a private aquaculture facility near Ruskin, Florida. No transversotrematid life cycle was known from North America previously. The large subunit ribosomal DNA and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 sequences of D. cf. patialense from Florida were most similar to those from D. patialense infecting red-rimmed melania from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico and differed by 134 and 69 nucleotides, respectively. Both phylogenetic analyses recovered Dulcitransversotrema as monophyletic and sister to a clade comprising Transversotrema spp. plus Crusziella formosa Cribb, Bray, and Barker, 1992.

A New Species of the Genus Pseudocalotes (Squamata: Agamidae) from Southwest Yunnan, China.

In this study, a new species of the genus Pseudocalotes is described from Yingjiang County, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, based on four female specimens. It can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) interoculabials 3 or 4; (2) canthals 5-7; (3) cicrcumorbitals 8-11; (4) 1 scale between rostral and nasal; (5) interparietal 1; (6) superciliaries 4-6; (7) supralabials 6-7, the 1st in contact with the nasal; (8) infralabials 6-8; (9) transverse gular fold and antehumeral fold present; (10) 2-3 enlarged scales between eye and ear; (11) nuchal crest single, consists of 3-5 erected spines; (12) dorsal crest row single, discontinuous and low, located between two keeled, parallel and enlarged scale rows; (13) enlarged postrictals absent; (14) scales around midbody 53-62, dorsal body scales heterogenous in size and shape; (15) midventrals smaller than dorsals; (16) subdigital scales on the 4th finger 20-26, and on the 4th toe 24-29; (17) dorsal background coloration light taupe with four irregular brown patches along the middle of dorsal; (18) inner lips wathet, tongue aurantiacus, throat bluish black. The population from Yingjiang County was nested within a highly supported lineage, formed a sister taxon with P. kakhienensis (SH 97/UFB 100) and according to the p-distance, the new species differed from its congeners by 14.5% to 35.2% for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) and 15.5% to 25.0% for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4).

Folk medicine, biological activity, and chemical profiles of Brazilian Acanthaceae (Lamiales) - A review.

INTRODUCTION: The botanical family Acanthaceae (order Lamiales) potentially comprises 4900 species in 191 genera with extensive morphological, habit and habitat diversity. The family is widely distributed throughout the world but is especially rich in tropical and subtropical regions. Many of its species have great ornamental importance and are broadly used for medicinal purposes in several countries of Asia and Africa. Brazil is a main center of diversity of the family, where they are distributed across all its biomes, mainly in the herbaceous-shrub stratum. Medicinal investigations about Brazilian species are scarce, the exception being a single native species, Justicia pectoralis Jacq., that is widely used and studied chemically. AIM OF THE REVIEW: This work compiled studies that indicated folk medicinal use, investigated biological activity, or evaluated the chemical composition of Brazilian species of Acanthaceae. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Medicinal uses, investigations of biological activities and chemical data were collected and summarized through bibliographic surveys. Tables were compiled to standardize the information and the appropriate references were gathered for each species. Registration of chemical components used in the treatment of ailments and in preserving health were emphasized with the aim of stimulating future investigations. RESULTS: The breadths of habitats and morphologies of the family are directly related to its chemical diversity, as confirmed here for Brazilian species. Although the investigated species represent less than 9% of the total richness of the family in Brazil, they encompass a great diversity of chemical substances. The data indicated folk medicinal uses for 26 species and biological tests for 23, while 30 species were investigated chemically. Ruellia and Justicia were the most researched genera with 12 and 11 species, representing approximately 14% and 7% of Brazilian species of each genus, respectively. Two species are native to other countries but become naturalized in Brazil. Studies of native species were carried out in different countries around the world, with many reports of medicinal uses and biological tests. Examples of uses include anticancer and antidepressant actions, as well as activities against respiratory problems and other diseases. CONCLUSIONS: This work highlights the chemical and biological diversity of the studied Brazilian species of Acanthaceae, which emphasizes the need to expand studies with native Brazilian species.

A Taxonomic Revision of the South American Trilobite Cockroaches of Parahormetica Brunner von Wattenwyl 1865 (Blattodea: Blaberidae), with Description of Parahormetica museunacional sp. nov. from the Atlantic Forest.

The taxonomically intricate genus of trilobite cockroaches, Parahormetica Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865, is revised based on a comparative morphological analysis. The goals of this study are to review the nomenclature, propose hypotheses about specific delimitation, and provide diagnoses to allow identification of the taxonomic units in the genus. Based on the revised status of Parahormetica, we transferred Parahormetica hylaeceps Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936, and Parahormetica punctata Saussure, 1873, to the genus Bionoblatta Rehn, 1940. Therefore, the genus includes now four species of giant cockroaches which are predominantly distributed on the Atlantic Forest: Parahormetica bilobata (Saussure, 1864), Parahormetica cicatricosa Saussure, 1869, Parahormetica monticollis (Burmeister, 1838), and Parahormetica museunacional sp. nov. (holotype male deposited in DZUP: Brazil, Paraná). Diagnoses, key, distribution maps, images of living, non-type, and type specimens are made available. Our results make clear that the status and limits among Brachycolini genera pending a full revision.

Digital skull anatomy of the Oligocene North American tortoise Stylemys nebrascensis with taxonomic comments on the species and comparisons with extant testudinids of the Gopherus-Manouria clade.

The anatomy of North American tortoises is poorly understood, despite a rich fossil record from the Eocene and younger strata. Stylemys nebrascensis is a particularly noteworthy turtle in this regard, as hundreds of specimens are known from Oligocene deposits, and as this species is one of the earliest fossil turtles to have been described in the scientific literature. Since its initial description based on a shell, many specimens with more complete material have been referred to Stylemys nebrascensis. Here, we review and confirm the referral of an important historic specimen to Stylemys nebrascensis, which includes shell, non-shell postcranial, and skull material. This allows us to document unique skull features of Stylemys nebrascensis (e.g., an unusual 'poststapedial canal' that connects the posterior skull surface with the cavum acustico-jugulare) and to refer another well-preserved skull to the species. Based on computed-tomography scanning of these two skulls, we provide a detailed description of the cranial and mandibular osteology of Stylemys nebrascensis. Stylemys nebrascensis has a combination of plesiomorphic skull characteristics (e.g., retention of a medial jugal process) and derived traits shared with extant gopher tortoises (e.g., median premaxillary ridge) that suggest it may be a stem-representative of the gopher tortoise lineage. This supports the hypothesis that extant and fossil tortoises from North America form a geographically restricted clade that split from Asian relatives during the Paleogene.

Two new records of the genus Trioxys (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) parasitic on bamboo aphids from South Korea.

Background: The genus Trioxys Haliday, 1833 consists of more than 80 species worldwide with three species being recorded in South Korea. In this study, we report the first observation of the two additional species, T.liui Chou & Chou, 1993 from Takecallisarundinariae (Essig, 1917) on Phyllostachysbambusoides Siebold & Zucc., 1843 and T.remaudierei Starý & Rakhshani, 2017 from T.taiwana (Takahashi, 1926) on Sasaborealis (Hack.) Makino & Shibata, 1901. New information: Trioxysliui and T.remaudierei are described and reported with phototographs of the diagnostic morphological characters and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) data (barcode region) and Bayesian tree of the phylogenetic analysis amongst the closely-related taxa are provided.

Contributions of a small collection of terrestrial microsnails (Pupilloidea, Hypselostomatidae) from Myanmar with description of three new species.

Land snails were collected for the project 'Conserving Myanmar's Karst Biodiversity' from the limestone karsts in Mon, Kayin, and Shan states and in the regions of Tanintharyi and Mandalay between 2015 and 2017, through cooperation with Fauna and Flora International (FFI) and the Forestry Department of Myanmar. Here, we report on a portion of the collection, and list 17 species from seven genera of the Hypselostomatidae microsnails. Three new species from two genera are described as Bensonellataiyaiorum Tongkerd & Panha, sp. nov., B.lophiodera Tongkerd & Panha, sp. nov., and Gyliotrachelaaunglini Tongkerd & Panha, sp. nov. All new species are known only from the type locality in Shan State (Bensonella) and Kayin State (Gyliotrachela). A new combination of Acinolaemusdayanum and three newly recorded species, namely A.cryptidentatus, B.anguloobtusa and G.hungerfordiana are discussed. The low morphological variability of the widely distributed G.hungerfordiana is discussed, and two species are proposed for formal synonymisation. Constituting the first records for Myanmar, five species of Bensonella and two species of Acinolaemus were collected.

Four New Fungal Species in Forest Ecological System from Southwestern China.

Four new wood-inhabiting fungi were found in Southwestern China within the genera Phanerochaete, Phlebiopsis, Asterostroma, and Vararia of the families Phanerochaetaceae and Peniophoraceae, belonging to the orders Polyporales and Russulales individually. Combined with their morphological characteristics and molecular biological evidence, the present study describes them as new fungal taxa. Asterostroma yunnanense is characterized by the resupinate, membranaceous to pellicular basidiomata with a cream to salmon-buff hymenial surface, hyphal system dimitic bearing simple-septa, thin- to thick-walled, yellowish brown asterosetae with acute tips, and thin-walled, echinulate, amyloid, globose basidiospores. Phanerochaete tongbiguanensis is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata with a white to cream hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septa generative hyphae, the presence of subclavate cystidia covered with a lot of crystals, and oblong ellipsoid basidiospores (6-9 × 3-4.5 µm). Phlebiopsis fissurata is characterized by the membranaceous, tuberculate basidiomata with a buff to slightly brown hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septa, conical cystidia, and broadly ellipsoid. Vararia yingjiangensis is characterized by a corky basidiomata with a pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff hymenial surface, cracking, yellowish dichohyphae with slightly curved tips, subulate gloeocystidia, and thick-walled, ellipsoid basidiospores (6.5-11.5 × 5-7 µm). The phylogenetic analyses of ITS + nLSU revealed that the two new species were nested into the genera Phanerochaete and Phlebiopsis within the family Phanerochaetaceae (Polyporales), in which Phanerochaete tongbiguanensis was sister to P. daliensis; Phlebiopsis fissurata was grouped with P. lamprocystidiata. Two new species were clustered into the genera Asterostroma and Vararia within the family Peniophoraceae (Russulales), in which Asterostroma yunnanense was sister to A. cervicolor; Vararia yingjiangensis formed a single branch.

Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Analyses of Five New Wood-Inhabiting Fungi of Botryobasidium, Coltricia and Coltriciella (Basidiomycota) from China.

In this present study, five new wood-inhabiting fungal taxa, Botryobasidium gossypirubiginosum, Botryobasidium incanum, Botryobasidium yunnanense, Coltricia zixishanensis, and Coltriciella yunnanensis are proposed. Botryobasidium gossypirubiginosum is distinguished by its slightly rubiginous hymenial surface, monomitic hyphal system, which branches at right angles, and subglobose, smooth basidiospores (14-17.5 × 13-15.5 µm); B. incanum is characterized by its white to incanus basidiomata having a hypochnoid hymenial surface, and ellipsoid, smooth basidiospores (6.5-8.5 × 3.5-5 µm); B. yunnanense is characterized by its buff to slightly yellowish hymenial surface, monomitic hyphal system, and broadly ellipsoid to globose, smooth, thick-walled basidiospores (11.5-14.5 × 9.5-10.5 µm); Coltricia zixishanensis differs in its rust brown pileal surface, and ellipsoid, thick-walled basidiospores (5-6.5 × 4-4.5 µm). Coltriciella yunnanensis is distinguished by its tiny pilei, short stipe, and navicular, verrucose basidiospores (10.5-12.5 × 6-7 µm). Sequences of ITS and nLSU genes were used for phylogenetic analyses using the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic results inferred from ITS sequences revealed that B. gossypirubiginosum was closely related to B. robustius; the species B. incanum was grouped with B. vagum; B. yunnanense was related to B. indicum. The species C. zixishanensis was grouped with C. confluens and C. perennis. ITS sequences revealed that C. zixishanensis was grouped into the genus Coltriciella, in which it was grouped with Co. globosa and Co. pseudodependens.

A Systematic Literature Review of Mathematical Models for Coinfections: Tuberculosis, Malaria, and HIV/AIDS.

Tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV are among the most lethal diseases, with AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) being a chronic and potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Individually, each of these infections presents a significant health challenge. However, when tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV co-occur, the symptoms can worsen, leading to an increased mortality risk. Mathematical models have been created to study coinfections involving tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV. This systematic literature review explores the importance of coinfection models by examining articles from reputable databases such as Dimensions, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and PubMed. The primary emphasis is on investigating coinfection models related to tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV. The findings demonstrate that each article thoroughly covers various aspects, including model development, mathematical analysis, sensitivity analysis, optimal control strategies, and research discoveries. Based on our comprehensive evaluation, we offer valuable recommendations for future research efforts in this field.